Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Craft Essay Samples - A Review

Craft Essay Samples - A ReviewCraft essay samples are a relatively recent development in writing. These essays used to be the product of a person's hobbies and interests and have a regular basis in schools, as school children would copy or imitate the writing style of the teacher and vice versa. However, nowadays, these writing samples are more likely to be used by writers in colleges or other graduate courses who are studying for higher level classes.There are plenty of craft essay samples that you can use to write your own, to give it a unique flair. You can choose from a number of different styles that would vary depending on your own preferences and the kind of writing that you are doing. However, one thing that you will find all over the internet is the use of unusual words to drive the point home, such as, 'literary characters' in some examples.You will notice that there are many different kinds of craft essay samples that you can use to ensure that the student gets the exact i deas that he needs. The list of those that are available on the internet may sound a bit long, but the thing is that you are only limited by your imagination. For example, you could get craft essay samples that focus on cars. This would require you to read a lot about cars.In addition, you could also use craft essay samples that focus on technology. You could base this craft essay sample on your friends' favorite music, in a way that they are talking about the latest fashion trends, or the newest trends in technology.This might even be a good idea for college students. They would have a wider range of words to pick from because college students are usually more interested in computer science and technical books. This would make it easy for the student to choose the kind of essay that would have a better chance of getting a good grade.The thing about craft essay samples is that you could simply stick to a couple of the most popular and well-known ones. For example, if you are looking at craft essay samples that would go along with horror films, then you should think about how to get one that is completely in line with the horror genre. Horror essays can also consist of various other types of craft essay samples, depending on your personal taste.Of course, the thing that you would need to remember is that you should always remember that the internet is not a free help to you. It will cost you something, and that is what this internet has to offer. Craft essay samples are good and will certainly be useful to you, but there is still a fee involved, so keep that in mind.

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Bloody Sunday and the Fight for Voting Rights in Selma

On March 7, 1965—the day now known as Bloody Sunday—a group of civil rights activists were brutally attacked by members of law enforcement during a peaceful march across Edmund Pettus Bridge. The activists were attempting to walk 50 miles from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, to protest voter suppression of African Americans. During the march, local police officers and state troopers beat them with billy clubs and threw tear gas into the crowd. The attack against these peaceful demonstrators—a group that included men, women, and children—sparked outrage and mass protests throughout the United States. Fast Facts: Bloody Sunday What Happened: Civil rights activists were beaten and tear-gassed by law enforcement during a peaceful voting rights march.Date: March 7, 1965Location: Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma, Alabama How Voter Suppression Led Activists to March During Jim Crow, African Americans in Southern states faced severe voter suppression. In order to exercise their right to vote, a black person may have been required to pay a poll tax or take a literacy test; white voters didn’t face these barriers. In Selma, Alabama, the disenfranchisement of African Americans was a consistent problem. Activists involved with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee were trying to register the citys black residents to vote, but they kept running into roadblocks. When they protested the situation, they were arrested—by the thousands. Making no headway with smaller demonstrations, the activists decided to step up their efforts. In February 1965, they began a voting rights march. However, Alabama Governor George Wallace attempted to suppress the movement by prohibiting nighttime marches in Selma and elsewhere. Wallace was a politician known for being hostile to the Civil Rights Movement, but the demonstrators didn’t call off their collected action in light of his ban on nighttime marches. On February 18, 1965, a demonstration turned deadly when State Trooper James Bonard Fowler fatally shot Jimmie Lee Jackson, a civil rights activist and church deacon. Jackson was killed for intervening when police hit his mother. Losing Jackson was devastating, but his death didn’t stop the movement. Spurred by his killing, activists met and decided to march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital. Their intention to reach the capitol building was a symbolic gesture, since it was where Gov. Wallace’s office was located. Jimmie Lee Jackson was killed by a state trooper during a voting rights march that inspired the demonstration that took place on Bloody Sunday.   Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images Selma to Montgomery March On March 7, 1965, 600 marchers began making their way from Selma to Montgomery. John Lewis and Hosea Williams led the demonstrators during this action. They called for voting rights for African Americans, but both local policemen and state troopers attacked them on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma. The authorities used billy clubs to beat the marchers and threw tear gas into the crowd. The aggression caused the marchers to retreat. But footage of the confrontation sparked outrage across the country. Many Americans did not understand why peaceful protesters were met with such hostility from law enforcement. Two days after Bloody Sunday, mass protests unfolded across the nation in solidarity with the marchers. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. led marchers on a symbolic walk across Edmund Pettus Bridge. But the violence wasn’t over. After Pastor James Reeb arrived in Selma to accompany the marchers, a mob of white men beat him so badly that he sustained life-threatening injuries. He died two days later. Two days after the events of Bloody Sunday, other demonstrators set out to make the march from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama. Bettmann/Getty Images Following Reeb’s death, the U.S. Justice Department requested an order to stop the state of Alabama from retaliating against civil rights activists for participating in demonstrations. Federal District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr. upheld the rights of the marchers â€Å"to petition ones government for the redress of grievances.† He explained that the law is clear that citizens have the right to protest, even in large groups. With federal troops standing guard, a group of 3,200 marchers began their walk from Selma to Montgomery on March 21. Four days later, they arrived at the state capitol in Montgomery where supporters had expanded the size of demonstrators to 25,000. The Impact of Bloody Sunday Footage of police attacking peaceful protesters shocked the country. But one of the protesters, John Lewis, went on to become a U.S. Congressman. Lewis is now considered a national hero. Lewis has discussed his role in the march and the attack on the protesters. His high-profile has kept the memory of that day alive. The march has also been reenacted several times. On the 50th anniversary of the incident that took place on March 7, 1965, President Barack Obama delivered an address on the Edmund Pettus Bridge about the horrors of Bloody Sunday and the courage of those brutalized: â€Å"We just need to open our eyes and ears, and hearts, to know that this nations racial history still casts its long shadow upon us. We know the march is not yet over, the race is not yet won, and that reaching that blessed destination where we are judged by the content of our character—requires admitting as much. President Barack Obama commemorates the 50th anniversary of Bloody Sunday in Selma. Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images President Obama also urged Congress to restore the Voting Rights Act, which first passed in 1965 in the wake of the national outrage about Bloody Sunday. But a 2013 Supreme Court decision, Shelby County vs. Holder, removed a major provision from the act. States with a history of racial discrimination related to voting no longer have to inform the federal government about changes they make to voting processes before enacting them. The 2016 election stood out as the first in 50 years without checks and balances in place to prevent discriminatory voting practices. A number of states have passed strict voter ID laws and other measures that disproportionately affect historically disenfranchised groups, like African Americans. And voter suppression has been cited for costing Stacey Abrams the Georgia gubernatorial race in 2018. Abrams would have been the first black woman governor of a U.S. state. Decades after Bloody Sunday occurred, voting rights remains a key issue in the United States. Sources â€Å"How We Can Restore the Voting Rights Act.† Brennan Center for Justice, 6 August, 2018. Taylor, Jessica. â€Å"Stacey Abrams Says She Was Almost Blocked From Voting in Georgia Election.† NPR, 20 November, 2018.Shelbayah, Slma, and Moni Basu. â€Å"Obama: Selma marchers gave courage to millions, inspired more change.† CNN, 7 March, 2015.

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Infix Definition and Examples

An infix is a word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word—rather than at its beginning or end—to create a new word or intensify meaning.  The process of inserting an infix is called  infixation. The most common type of infix in  English grammar  is the  expletive, as in fan-bloody-tastic.   [A]s the term suggests, [an  infix] is an affix which is incorporated inside another word. It is possible to see the general principle at work in certain expressions, occasionally used in fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by emotionally aroused English speakers:  Hallebloodylujah!...In the movie  Wish You Were Here, the main character expresses her aggravation (at another characters trying to contact her) by screaming  Tell him Ive gone to Singabloodypore!  (George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) How and When Infixes Are Used Rarely used in  formal writing, expletive infixation can sometimes be heard in  colloquial language  and slang though probably not in polite company.   Infixation can make it into more casually themed press coverage (more likely in pop culture, as opposed to hard news), such as in Prince Williams former nanny [Tiggy Pettifer] has spoken of her joy at the engagement between the Prince and Kate Middleton, describing their union as fan-flaming-tastic. (Roya Nikkhah, Prince Williams Nanny Says Engagement Is Fan-Flaming-Tastic.  The Telegraph  [UK], Nov. 21, 2010) And author Ruth Wajnryb has further examples—from literature, no less. This linguistic phenomenon is also known as the integrated adjective. In fact, a poem of that name by John OGrady (aka Nino Culotta) was published in the  eponymously  titled  A Book About Australia, in which numerous examples of the integrated adjective appear:  me-bloody-self, kanga-bloody-roos, forty-bloody-seven, good e-bloody-nough. (Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad Language. Free Press, 2005) In English, additions normally attach to the end or start of a word, with prefixes and suffixes, such as pre- or -ed. There are even circumfixes, which attach to the front and the back, as in  enlighten.  In Austroasiatic languages in Southeast Asia and eastern India, the use of the infix is more common and not used just to create expletives, as in English. In fact, English has no true  infixes, but the plural suffix  -s  behaves something like an infix in unusual plurals like  passers-by  and  mothers-in-law (R.L. Trask, The Penguin Dictionary of English Grammar, 2000).   Creating an Infix Authors Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck give a detailed explanation of where the infixes are inserted into a word: Native speakers of English have intuitions about where in a word the infix is inserted. Consider where your favorite expletive infix goes in these words:fantastic, education, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Stillaguamish, emancipation, absolutely, hydrangeaMost speakers agree on these patterns, though there are some dialectal variations. You likely found that the infix is inserted at the following points:fan-***-tastic, edu-***-cation, Massa-***-chusetts, Phila-***-delphia, Stilla-***-guamish, emanci-***-pation, abso-***-lutely, hy-***-drangeaThe infix gets inserted before the syllable that receives the most stress. And it cannot be inserted anywhere else in the word. (Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010)

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Project Management Principles For Assesing Management

6. KAAN Standards 6.1 Project Management We manage our projects in accordance to PRINCE2 project management principles. KAAN takes the role of assisting a client very seriuously, therefore, we persue every task with utmost precision and expect nothing but the best for our client. In case of errors proven to be commited by us, we tend to raise them as soon as they are identified and would suggest the most accurate solution to rectify it. We tend to be adaptive and flexible with every project we do and try to apply the learning gained in past projects to provide utmost benefit to our clients. Lastly, we enjoy what we do and the passion for assesing management systems and recommending solutions that could change the way our client perform their business Internally or externally has brought us large amount of appriciation over the years in the felid of management consulting and outsourcing. 6.2 Ethics and Client Confidentiality KAAN is an ISO 9001 certified organisation which is the worlds most leading quality management statndard. We are also pround members of the HMRC and operate strictly according to the codes and standards laid down the above mentions body. The partners and all the employees of KAAN adhere to such codes and promise highest level of confitendiality and ethics while managing projects. 6.3 Equal Opportunities KAAN is commited to base its organisatonal culture around equality and is against any kind of direct or indirect discrimination or harrasment of itsShow MoreRelatedIdeo: the Organization and Management Innovation in a Design Firm and the Role of Alliances and Collaboration2230 Words   |  9 PagesCompanies (2009) and no.15 on Fortunes 100 most-favored employers by MBA students (Universum 2009). This paper attempts to analyse the principles and practices at IDEO using two frameworks namely: 1. the organisation and management of innovation and research and development (RD) and 2. strategic alliances and collaboration. The discussion on organisation and management would be focused primarily on innovation since RD as a portfolio at IDEO is still emergent. As a consequence also, its alliancesRead MoreImplication For Occupational Therapy ( 2014 )2164 Words   |  9 Pagesdecongestive therapy with the goal of decreasing the limb volume to normal or near normal (Lawenda, Mondry, Johnstone, 2009; Ridner et al., 2014; Rockson, 2016). According to (Lawenda, Mondry, Johnstone, 2009), the lack of effective early lymphedema management results in increased swelling, fibrotic skin changes, pain, paresthesia, and infections. Moreover, Lawenda et al. (2009) stated that early intervention decreases the progression of the disease. Therefore, it is critical to provide early lymphedemaRead MoreResearch Proposal: Csr Within the Cosmetic Industry2690 Words   |  11 Pages| ABSTRACT: This paper is a proposal for a project which will inform and ultimately conclude the attitude to animal testing within the cosmetic industry. Research will consist of; an analysis of UK and International Law, including EU Policy; primary and secondary research on the awareness of the consumers; in depth research concerning CSR within the industry using the L’Oreal Group as the case study. The ultimate purpose of the research project would be to determine the relationship between companyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Chronicle Of Aalborg Commitments3657 Words   |  15 Pagesinvolved engaging municipalities and citizens in the vision for sustainability city. This shared long-term vision can be seen through the first commitment of the Aalborg Commitments (ICLEI, 2004). Commitments two refer to implementation of effective management cycle by collaboration with European Sustainable Cities Towns Campaign as an agency to evaluate the progress of the city who had signed the Aa lborg Commitment towards sustainable city. The third, fourth and tenth commitments are focused on protectingRead MoreInformation Technology Term Paper6794 Words   |  28 PagesSystems Plan Phase 5 Individual Project 2013 Information Technology Management Table of Contents Business System Planning (Week 1) Introduction 4 Identify how the following critical success factors will be addressed by case study 5 Governance 5 Business plan alignment 6 Process improvement 6 Resource optimization 6 Operating excellence 7 Identify how the following critical success factors will be addressed by case study 7 Business management issues 7 Strategic and competitiveRead MoreAnalylis Primark22310 Words   |  90 Pages As you can see, I have given Primark a lower rating though that doesn t mean you should only look in the other 3 stores Primark at least have their rightful place as cheapest of the lot. 5 Swot Analysis Strength ï  ® Good supply chain management capabilities Since the mid 2000s, Primark has emerged as one of the UK s most successful high street chains, now the country s second largest clothing retailer by volume according to TNS, and the single largest in the value sector, having overtaken

What I Have Learned in American Government Roots and Reform

Rafael Valdez Mr. Kearney History 1302 11/14/12 The Civil Rights Movements In May 17, 1954 The Supreme Court rules on the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans., unanimously agreeing that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The ruling paves the way for large-scale desegregation. The decision overturns the 1896 Plessey v. Ferguson ruling that sanctioned separate but equal segregation of the races, ruling that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It is a victory for NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall, who will later return to the Supreme Court as the nation s first black justice. August 1955 Fourteen-year-old Chicagoan was visiting family†¦show more content†¦Harriet Tubman s name at birth was Araminta Ross. She was one of 11 children of Harriet and Benjamin Ross born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland. As a child, Ross was hired out by her master as a nursemaid for a small baby, much like the nursemaid in the picture. Ross had to stay awake all night so that the baby wouldn t cry and wake the mother, if Ross would fall asleep; the baby s mother would whip Ross. From a very young age, Ross was determined to gain her freedom. January 31, 1865 The Thirteenth Amendment is passed and slavery is officially abolished from the United States. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865. On December 18, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed it to have been adopted. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted after the American Civil War. On April 4, 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was hit by a sniper s bullet. King had been standing on the balcony in front of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, when, he was shot. 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A quote Dr. King used to specifically describe this book was â€Å"the chronicle of fifty thousand Negroes who took to heart the principles of nonviolence, who learned to fight for their rights with the weapon of love, and who, in the process, acquired a new estimate ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Dreams Fro m My Father 1385 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus will be on Obama and his father, African American history, his way to success, and finally, his experience in Washington. First published in 1995, the Dreams from my Father reveals a great portrayal of the head of the US government as a person before achieving his status and power. Today, across the globe, the name Barack Obama would be recognizable –the man who stirred the status quo of the Presidency and making a mark as the first African American US President. 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Gillette Essay Example For Students

Gillette Essay Gillette is leading worldwide home applicants, such asrazor, battery, electronic and manual toothbrush,manufacturing company. On April 14, 1998, the companyintroduced the worlds first triple blades razor and begun tosell July 1, 1998 in the United States and September in theWestern Europe. Since Gillette launched new razor in1998, the company expected high returns in short-term;however, the result of the new product has been definedyet. SWOT ANALYSIS Key Learning The areas of theinternal factors are Finance, Management, Manufacturing,Market position, Personnel, and Research Development. All these factors can be defined as either strengths orweakness or both. First of all, the company as a wholegained net sales amount of 10.1 billion dollars and netincome of 1.4 billion dollars for the 1997 due to acquireleading battery company Duracel in 1996 and grow ofSensor Excel razor. As a result, company could spend 1billion dollars to invent Mach 3 which is triple bladesrazor. Even though Gillette had sufficient fund to invent thenew product, the company took high risk of financial sidethat if the new products sale does not reach to companysexpectation, the company will face shortage of capitalresources and can be lead to bankruptcy. But if Mach3turn out to be a New Coke or McDonalds Arch Deluxe much-hyped new products that were mostly duds andfizzle- the gloom will be heavy from Gillettes corporateheadquarters in Bostons Back Bay to the South Bostonfactory that Gillette has overhauled to produce 600 millionMach3 blade cartridges per year, or about half of Gillettesannual tar get of 1.2 billion Mach3 blades. (Boston Globe,4/15/98) Since Gillette introduced Mach3 in April, thecompany changed its manufacturing tools to produceMach3 South Bostons factory. Gillette already spent 300million dollars for advertising and promotion worldwide forthe year that company introduced new product. Theamount is twice as much as the company put for advertisingSensor Excel in 1989. Gillette released the new productto retail stores on July 1, 1998, and starts to advertise onTV and the other media six weeks later; however, manypeople went to the companys web site to look at the newproduct. Even though company spent tremendous amountof fund for the advertising, some people from Asia did notrecognize the product according to our groups survey. Forcustomers, there are satisfaction and complaints forMach3. People, who satisfied with Mach3 according toour survey, said there are less irritation and faster shavingtime. Customers who complaint about Mach3 argue thatthey do not want t o spend more money on better outlook. According to our survey, one hundred percent ofsurveyees, who does not satisfy with Mach3, say the priceis too high for the product. Price is relatively higher thanother products including Sensor Excel which was themost expensive one before Mach3 came out. Its price is6.99 dollars per razor with one blade included currently,the company is selling for 7.29 dollars per Mach3. It is 4percents increased from original price, and 40 percentshigher price than other products. This may lead to decreasein sales and the companys total revenue. The company istrying to reach customers several different ways. Gilletteoffers Mach3 package product, which included Mach3itself and couple of extra razors, Shaving cream anddeodorant. This package product makes each items unitprice lower than sell separately. Also, the company offerssweepstakes on the companys web site, and there is noobligation. This is the one of the finest ways to reach andget involve the customers. The company give chance topeople t o win prize without any obligation; however,people will recognize the product automatically. Also,Gillette can acquire the Since Gillette is well-known globalcompany, many retail stores are not offended to carry thecompanys product even though the products price is high. .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 , .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .postImageUrl , .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 , .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48:hover , .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48:visited , .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48:active { border:0!important; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48:active , .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48 .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a40adf5c2726fe973122e19a686ee48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Geology: A Science of Lies EssayRetail stores are assume that Mach3 will bring morecustomers. On the other hand, even more customers cometo store, it is unpredictable for increasing stores salesrevenue because price is too high so that consumers wouldnot buy. External factors are Competitive, Economic, andSocial. Gillettes major rival in the market is Shick. SinceGillette is the first company produce triple blades razor, thecompany will lead the market; however, rival companysuch as Shick will develop the same product with higherquality or lower price. Then the result will be unforeseenunless Gillette improve Mach3s weakness high price. For long time in the United States, peoples income hasbeen growing. As a result, customers purchasing poweralso increased. However, the companys market is not onlythe United States

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Insulation Co-Ordination and Substation Design †Free Samples

Questions: Give Any Earthing Materials? Give The Intoduction To The Layout Of Substation? What Are The Different Layouts For A Substation? What Are The Components Of A Substation? What Are The Substation Transients And Hazards Towards Human Body? Answers: Introduction Kersting, (1984) a sub-station is a set of equipments connected together to reduce the original high voltage to low voltage that will be used by consumers also called a subordinate station. For this to be done effectively the sub-station is made in its own layout. Sub-stations work by stepping up voltage for transmission purposes or stepping down for consumption. If there is a situation where there can be no substation there can be a lot of hazards due to the effect of high voltage. The sub-station is always powered by the main power grid. Give A Deep Defination Of A Sub-Station Layout Yoshida, et al (1986) the first part in designing a sub-station is developing the bonding earthing System. The work of the bonding earthing system is to provide an earth connection to which the neutrals of the transformer are connected in order to deliver excess fault current to avoid mechanical worn out and also minimum thermal destructions. This damage is seen mostly on the facilities within the substation. This design helps in providing safety to all operations and also personnel. The earthing and bonding system helps in creating eqipotential bonding so that there can be no dangerous potential gradients in the substation. All through the substation design, there are the three voltages. These are: Touch voltage: The potential difference between the surface potential and the earthed equipment potential when a person is touching the earth surface. Mesh voltage: The over average touch voltage that is always developed in the mesh of the earthing grid. Step voltage: It is defined as the potential difference in a situation where a man gaps a distance of one meter while not in touch with any earthed equipment. In earthing we have the earthing calculation methodology. They mostly consider site measurements of the level of sensitivity of the ground and the fault levels of the system. Then the layout of the grid with specific conductors is scientifically studied to see the earthing resistance of the substation and the voltage of the earthing is calculated from there. There are some probe tests that are taken to measure the earth resistivity. These tests are taken during the dry weather period so that the resistivity readings are obtained. Fellin, Kusstatscher, and Rostagni, (1995) clearly explains several earthing materials that are very efficient in such a station. Conductors: Bare copper is the one that is usually used in the substation earthing grid. To add to the buried earth grid, a different and separate earthing ring is usually provided that is always above the ground to which all metallic substation plant are joined in this area, Connections: They should not be joined together because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause the joints to fail functioning. The joints are fixed using bolts and they are also tinned. Earthing Rods: The rods are used to supplement the grid to assist in the disposal of earth fault currents hence reducing the substation earthing resistance. The rods are made up of copper clad steel or solid copper. Switchyard Fence Earthing: They are used for different utilities. These are: The substation earthing grid is extended further over the fence circumfrence and then connected to the grid at regular intervals. The fence is placed beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and the fence and its earthing rod system are bonded. This rod system isnt joined to the big substation earthing grid. Dutta, and Overbye, (2011) argues that it is very important because there should be a security concerning the supply. In a well equipped substation all the circuits would be produced as many copies so that in case of a fault, connections remains available. The cost of implementation of the design is high hence there is a method to compromise between security and cost. Substations are divided into two categories according to securities of the supply. Category 1: No failure is necessary within the substations for maintaining or fault conditions. Category 2: Short failure is needed to transfer the load to an another circuit for fault conditions or maintenance. Category 3: Loss of a section of the substation resulted by fault condition or maintenance. Category 4: Loss of the whole substation because of fault condition or maintenance. Sumic, and Pistorese, (1994) and Ochoa, and Hirt, (1998) considers the following layouts for a substation; Single Busbar: Each socket is protected by its own circuit breaker and due to this there may be no loss in its supply. A fault on the transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and can be amended after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. Maintenance of a feeder circuit breaker is due to loss of the circuit. A busbar fault causes loss of one feeder and one transformer. These are some of its characteristics. Mesh Substation: Its characteristics are: Two different circuit breakers are required to disconnect or connect a circuit while the disconnection process is the opening of the mesh. These circuit breakers can be maintained without supply loss or protection while in the same case there is no bypass facility needed. Busbar faults cause just one circuit breaker loss while breaker faults causes loss of two circuits at maximum. One and a half Circuit Breaker layout: It is known as the 1 1/2 circuit breaker because of the fact that in its design, there are nine circuit breakers that are used for the protection of the six feeders. Some of the characteristics are: Very high security against supply loss. Can control any one pair of circuits or in groups. It has complex arrangements and there are additional costs of the circuit breakers.Circuit breaker: There are two forms which are: Dead tank: circuit breaker is located at earthly potential. Live tank: its circuit breaker is located at its line potential. Insulation These can be done by increasing creep age length, insulation greasing among others. Power Transformers It is the largest item which is single in a substation. Precautions are highly taken due to large quantity of oil that can lead to fire. There are auto transformers that are smaller and have reduced loss. Overhead line termination There are two methods namely Tensioning conductors to substation structures. Tensioning conductors to ground winches. The choice is determined considering the height of towers and also substation proximity. Dutta, and Overbye, (2012) explains that a transient event is the instantaneous change in the state leading to a burst of energy for a short period of time. Transients are further divided into impulsive and oscillatory transients. In consideration of their response, impulsive would elevate in a period of 0.1ms and hold till 1ms. Oscillatory could have a frequency surge up to 5 KHz. The hazards of these substations are very dangerous to human body. Lumbreras, and Ramos, (2013) the electric magnetic field which has a phase of 90 deg and oscillating at angle of 180 degrees traverses the air and starts revolving inside the human body causing human cells to heat up. These will damage the body tissues. These magnetic fields also results to an electric current in human tissues and cells and because the skin is in contact it can be remorsefully damage. Those people living within 300 meters of a substation have an increased rate of getting some type of cancer. To wind up, Adams, and Laughton, (1974) suggests that the best design of a substation is one that has minimum loss of supply and still its maintenance cost is not high although its hard to find one. In its design all process must be followed and properly structured. The cost of expenditure is very high taking to consideration the number of equipment used to set up this station and also their individual value. These substations should be located in their own strategic positions away from human residences. The reason for this is to provide safety to human body which is mostly affected by the electric magnetic field created. References Adams, R. N., Laughton, M. A. (1974, February). 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